Outline of the history of music in the Arab world

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  • Pre-Islamic period (jahiliyya) (to 622)
    • Arab consciousness not yet established
    • Music of Arabic-speakers: poetry-centric, localized
  • Early Islamic: rise of Great Tradition (to 750)
    • Multicultural influences: Persian Sasanian, Byzantine, Syrian, Egyptian...
    • Rise of Arab consciousness and expansion of Arab character
  • Abbasid and Andalusian "golden age" of Great Tradition (750-900)
    • Multicultural society
    • Increased Persian influence
    • Decline in Arab character and identity
    • Increase in Islamicate character and identity
  • Political fragmentation (from late 9th c)
    • Decline of Arabic-speaking powers
    • Rise of non-Arabic speaking dynasties
      • Turks
      • Persians
      • Berbers
      • Circassian Mamlukes
    • Destruction of Baghdad (1258)
    • Foreign domination of Cairo
    • Reconquista (Christian reconquest of Spain, completed 1492)
    • Contraction of "Arab"
  • Emergence of regional art music traditions (esp. after 13th c)
    • Gradual divergence from Great Tradition, and development of regional art music tarab traditions
    • Arabic-speaking world
      • North Africa (influence of Andalusia)
      • Egypt
      • Levant
      • Iraq
      • Arabia
    • Turkic world (Ottomans)
    • Persianate world (Safavids, Qajars)
  • Rise of "turath" and pan-Arab music (1900+)
    • Factors: Arab nationalism, recording era, economy of music
    • Reclamation of an "Arab" heritage, despite regional diversity
    • "Old" art music labelled as Arabic "al-turath al-`arabi al-qadim" (old Arab heritage)
    • Influence of radio, film, commodification, western music
    • Rise of a new modern music: mediated tarab, via films, radio, later TV
    • Few media producers/channels, centralized
    • Therefore: appearance of pan-Arab music (top-down, Cairo-centered), inducing ideological pan-Arabism
  • Appearance of cassette tape, greater private sector freedom (1970s)
    • Explosion of decentralized producers/channels with limited distribution
    • decline of pan-Arab music
  • Rise of new mass media (1990s)
    • Satellite TV, mobile phone, Internet
    • Private ownership
    • Distributed ownership
    • Return of pan-Arab music, inducing emergent pan-Arabism