Difference between revisions of "Highlife & Ghanaian nationalism"

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''Highlife Music & the complex relation between Western music, nationalism, and identity in Ghana following WWII.''
 
''Highlife Music & the complex relation between Western music, nationalism, and identity in Ghana following WWII.''
  
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6289763.stm Ghanaian popular music] is involved in many of the ironies, in which American and Cuban culture  (via Pan-Africanism and African American popular culture) -- inheriting from diverse African traditions -- plays a formative role in the constitution of Ghanaian nationalism, in its attempt to unify diverse ethnicities...themselves gathered in a post-colonial situation (i.e. Ghana = ex British Gold Coast).
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[[Image:250px-LocationGhana.svg.png]]
  
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'''Ghanaian popular music''' is involved in many ironies, in which American and Cuban culture  (including Pan-Africanism and African American popular culture) -- inheriting from diverse African traditions -- plays a formative role in the constitution of Ghanaian nationalism, in its attempt to unify diverse ethnicities...themselves gathered in a post-colonial situation (i.e. Ghana = ex British Gold Coast & British Togoland). Tracing these ironies helps illuminate the complexity of the Ghanaian post-colonial situation.
  
Following WWII, ideas of liberation and African independence arose, generating musical forms of political and social expression.  
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'''The big picture''':  Political structures resulting from reassembly of shards of colonial period are cemented by mass-media popular music (e.g. Highlife) and political ideas (e.g. Pan-Africanism) which are themselves significantly influenced by cultural-political currents coming directly from the imperial/colonial powers, even if these currents can also be traced back to Africa. Such a picture is very complex indeed!  Both social structures and symbolic forms are never free of the trace of the colonial process, even when the latter are used to achieve political independence for the former.  Furthermore, it is always impossible to clearly demarcate "oppressor" and "oppressed" structures and forms.
  
Professor John Collins notes that:
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All this points to the ''semantic malleability'' of symbolic forms.
  
“It is only really after the Second World War with the rise of the mass CPP independence movement and Nkrumah’s Pan-Africanism, compounded by Afro-centric ideas coming in from the black Americas, that Ghanaian popular artists began indigenizing their performances in a self-conscious ideological way”.
 
  
One of the most popular Highlife bands was the ''Tempos''.
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Bob Johnson notes: “The Tempos jazzy highlife sound became the sound-symbol or zeitgeist of the early independence era as its use of a western jazz-combo format to play African music reflected independence itself, when the western socio-economic colonial format became Africanized”. 
 
  
Mensah went on to compose over forty highlife tunes in support of Nkrumah, provide music at major CCP rallies and accompany the leader on State visits to neighboring countries.  
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In 1957, Ghana was formed out of the combination of four territories:  Northern Territories, Ashanti, British Togoland, and the Gold Coast Colony, all British-ruled.  Highlife was already the national popular music ''par excellence''...
  
E.T. Mensah composed the following songs in support of Ghanaian nationalism, utilizing the highlife idiom, strongly influenced by jazz, even as nationalism was influenced by African-American intellectual figures, such as WEB Dubois.
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[[Sketch of Highlife]]
  
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[[Musical forms of political and social expression]]
  
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6289763.stm '''Ghana Freedom''']  
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[[E.T. Mensah and the Tempos]]  
  
Ghana, we now have freedom
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[[Music and Nkrumah]]
<br>
 
Ghana, land of freedom
 
<br>
 
Toils of the brave and the sweat of their labours
 
<br>
 
Toils of the brave which have brought results
 
<br>
 
Kwame is part of Ghana
 
<br>
 
Nkrumah is part of Ghana
 
                   
 
  
'''Ghana, Guinea, Mali'''  
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''Professor John Collins:'' <br>
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“Artists and groups that have indigenized and de-acculturated popular performance should be considered as cultural heroes who have helped create a modern national identity…all have artistically contributed to the de-colonisation process”
  
Ghana, Guinea, Mali Union
 
<br>
 
Has laid down a strong foundation
 
<br>
 
For redemption of Africa
 
<br>
 
For which we’ve been strongly fighting
 
<br>
 
Africa’s strongest foundation
 
<br>
 
The nucleus of their Great Union
 
<br>
 
Has now once been laid forever
 
<br>
 
First it was Ghana, Guinea
 
<br>
 
Then it was Ghana, Guinea, Mali
 
<br>
 
Soon it will be all of Africa
 
<br>
 
The achievement of our great destiny
 
<br>
 
Africa is now awakened that unity can save her
 
<br>
 
All leaders of Mother Africa
 
<br>
 
Are called to join this great union
 
<br><br>
 
 
While Highlife was initially criticized as "low culture", Kwame Nkrumah understood the importance of  popular music as a means of mass communication and mobilization, via dissemination of affective ideals unifying the country.
 
 
When he came to power to lead free Ghana in 1957, Nkrumah established many national bands, including an orchestra, reinvigorated the study and performance of traditional Ghanaian music and dances, and used the trans-ethnic style of highlife to preach a broad message of Ghanaian, as well as African unity. He also encouraged non-state highlife music produced by workers associations, recognizing highlife’s appeal to be trans-ethnic, and thus a key tool in nation building. He created national and regional arts festivals, established Arts councils and Cultural Centres, and founded the Ghana musician’s and Ghana performer’s unions.
 
                             
 
Another song, “Freedom for Ghana”, greatly concerned the British authorities:
 
 
Freedom is in the land, friends let us shout long live the CPP, which now controls Africa’s destiny…they called us veranda boys, they thought we were just a bunch of toys, but we won the vote at midnight hour, came out of jail and took power…the British M.P.  Gammans was rude by his dog-in-the-mangerish attitude, but like an ostrich we know this man can go and bury his head in the sand.” 
 
 
Nkrumah’s party ordered 20,000 copies.
 
  
 
''(with thanks to Eilis Pourbaix & John Collins for their research)''
 
''(with thanks to Eilis Pourbaix & John Collins for their research)''

Latest revision as of 17:18, 25 September 2007

Highlife Music & the complex relation between Western music, nationalism, and identity in Ghana following WWII.

250px-LocationGhana.svg.png

Ghanaian popular music is involved in many ironies, in which American and Cuban culture (including Pan-Africanism and African American popular culture) -- inheriting from diverse African traditions -- plays a formative role in the constitution of Ghanaian nationalism, in its attempt to unify diverse ethnicities...themselves gathered in a post-colonial situation (i.e. Ghana = ex British Gold Coast & British Togoland). Tracing these ironies helps illuminate the complexity of the Ghanaian post-colonial situation.

The big picture: Political structures resulting from reassembly of shards of colonial period are cemented by mass-media popular music (e.g. Highlife) and political ideas (e.g. Pan-Africanism) which are themselves significantly influenced by cultural-political currents coming directly from the imperial/colonial powers, even if these currents can also be traced back to Africa. Such a picture is very complex indeed! Both social structures and symbolic forms are never free of the trace of the colonial process, even when the latter are used to achieve political independence for the former. Furthermore, it is always impossible to clearly demarcate "oppressor" and "oppressed" structures and forms.

All this points to the semantic malleability of symbolic forms.




In 1957, Ghana was formed out of the combination of four territories: Northern Territories, Ashanti, British Togoland, and the Gold Coast Colony, all British-ruled. Highlife was already the national popular music par excellence...

Sketch of Highlife

Musical forms of political and social expression

E.T. Mensah and the Tempos

Music and Nkrumah

Professor John Collins:
“Artists and groups that have indigenized and de-acculturated popular performance should be considered as cultural heroes who have helped create a modern national identity…all have artistically contributed to the de-colonisation process”


(with thanks to Eilis Pourbaix & John Collins for their research)