Difference between revisions of "Call to prayer (adhan)"

From CCE wiki archived
Jump to: navigation, search
 
(9 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
The adhan is the call to prayer, established in the early Medinan community, and performed prior to each prayer - live (acoustic, or amplified), and mediated (radio, TV). The first performer was the Prophet’s Ethiopian muezzin Bilal ibn Rabah, spiritual ascendent of certain Muslim orders (e.g. Gnawa) and dynasties (the Keita, rulers of Mali).  Maqamat are used effectively here - the call can be performed in nearly any maqam.
+
The adhan is the call to prayer, established in the early Medinan community, and performed prior to each prayer - live (acoustic, or amplified), and mediated (radio, TV). The first performer was the Prophet’s Black Ethiopian muezzin Bilal ibn Rabah, spiritual ascendent of certain Black Muslim orders (e.g. Gnawa) and dynasties (the Keita, rulers of Mali) of North and West Africa today.  Maqamat are used effectively here - the call can be performed in nearly any maqam.
  
  
 
* Islam's link to Aksumite kingdom in Ethiopia (Habasha) - site of the first hijra; and birthplace of the freed slave Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi, Islam's first mu'adhdhin - as well as spiritual progenitor of Keita dynasty (rulers of Mali 12th - 17th centuries) and various sub-saharan subcultures of North Africa (e.g. Gnawa, Stambeli)
 
* Islam's link to Aksumite kingdom in Ethiopia (Habasha) - site of the first hijra; and birthplace of the freed slave Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi, Islam's first mu'adhdhin - as well as spiritual progenitor of Keita dynasty (rulers of Mali 12th - 17th centuries) and various sub-saharan subcultures of North Africa (e.g. Gnawa, Stambeli)
* Adhan text comes from Hadith not Qur'an.  Two sources: (1) [http://ahadith.co.uk/permalink-hadith-1843 Prophet's companion Umar proposed it]; (2) [http://ahadith.co.uk/permalink-hadith-7184 Prophet's companion Abdullah bin Zaid received it in a dream]
+
* By Sunni accounts, the Adhan text comes from Hadith not Qur'an.  Two sources are cited: (1)[[Prophet's companion Umar proposed it]]; (2) [[Prophet's companion Abdullah bin Zaid received it in a dream]]  
 
* The vocal, text-centric form appears to have developed in explicit contrast to the calls of the other two monotheistic faiths:  Christianity (using a bell) and Judaism (using a horn).  
 
* The vocal, text-centric form appears to have developed in explicit contrast to the calls of the other two monotheistic faiths:  Christianity (using a bell) and Judaism (using a horn).  
* [https://vimeo.com/27675121 Origin of adhan] (see 1:20:00), from Syrian director Moustapha Akkad's film, ''al-Risala'', a biopic about the Prophet Muhammad (Akkad was famous in Hollywood for the Halloween series of horror films; the script of ''al-Risala'' was carefully checked by al-Azhar but eventually banned for depicting the Prophet's companions. Akkad was killed in 2005 in a terrorist attack in Amman.)
+
* A modern reimagining of the [https://vimeo.com/27675121 origin of adhan] (see 1:20:00), from Syrian director Moustapha Akkad's film, ''[[al-Risala]]'' (1976).
*  [https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=z-wfn_gvz7BY.kVXNakF8iVO0 Map of adhan and geocultural performance styles] (Click on the balloons to hear each call). Note that textual variation is quite limited (except briefly in Turkey the text has always been Arabic), but melodic variation is wide.  The style of the adhan -- stylistic and textual -- may index musical ability, geo-cultural region, and theological doctrine.
+
*  [https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=z-wfn_gvz7BY.kVXNakF8iVO0 Map of adhan and geocultural performance styles] (Click on the balloons to hear each call). Note that textual variation is quite limited (except briefly in Turkey the text has always been Arabic), but vocal timbral and melodic variation is wide.  The style of the adhan -- stylistic and textual -- may index musical ability, geo-cultural region, and theological doctrine.
 
** Melody
 
** Melody
 
** Group
 
** Group
 
** Local musical sound
 
** Local musical sound
 
* [https://www.researchcatalogue.net/view/653359/653360 Here is a related research paper, including another sound map.]
 
* [https://www.researchcatalogue.net/view/653359/653360 Here is a related research paper, including another sound map.]
 +
* Hadith collections devote entire chapters to stories about the adhan, its origin and use:
 +
** [https://sunnah.com/bukhari/10 Bukhari]
 +
** [https://sunnah.com/nasai/7 Nasa'i]
 +
** [https://sunnah.com/ibnmajah/3 Ibn Majah]
  
  
Line 54: Line 58:
 
'''More Adhan recordings'''
 
'''More Adhan recordings'''
  
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N0toOHfKFaE a very beautiful Iranian Adhan performed by Moazenzadeh Ardebili who was from Azarbayejan (a Turkish-speaking province in northwest of Iran]  
+
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N0toOHfKFaE A very beautiful Iranian Adhan performed by Moazenzadeh Ardebili who was from Azarbayejan (a Turkish-speaking province in northwest of Iran)]  
  
 
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8_VWYcnSN4 The widely-imitated call to prayer of Mecca, performed by Shaykh Ali Ahmed Mulla], imitated here: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBTG1ngwguc]
 
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8_VWYcnSN4 The widely-imitated call to prayer of Mecca, performed by Shaykh Ali Ahmed Mulla], imitated here: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBTG1ngwguc]
Line 60: Line 64:
 
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aihcCXfEXU0 The call to prayer in Medina, performed by Muhammad Hakiim]
 
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aihcCXfEXU0 The call to prayer in Medina, performed by Muhammad Hakiim]
  
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AxXfitWcFjY Turkish call]
+
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AxXfitWcFjY A Turkish call]
  
 
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tHE7LPaYTlM The call to prayer, with Islamic images, performed by Kuwaiti Shaykh Mashari Rashid]
 
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tHE7LPaYTlM The call to prayer, with Islamic images, performed by Kuwaiti Shaykh Mashari Rashid]
  
[http://www.islamcan.com/audio/adhan/index.shtml Examples in various maqamat]
+
[http://www.islamcan.com/audio/adhan/index.shtml Numerous examples in various maqamat]

Latest revision as of 00:07, 2 February 2021

The adhan is the call to prayer, established in the early Medinan community, and performed prior to each prayer - live (acoustic, or amplified), and mediated (radio, TV). The first performer was the Prophet’s Black Ethiopian muezzin Bilal ibn Rabah, spiritual ascendent of certain Black Muslim orders (e.g. Gnawa) and dynasties (the Keita, rulers of Mali) of North and West Africa today. Maqamat are used effectively here - the call can be performed in nearly any maqam.


  • Islam's link to Aksumite kingdom in Ethiopia (Habasha) - site of the first hijra; and birthplace of the freed slave Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi, Islam's first mu'adhdhin - as well as spiritual progenitor of Keita dynasty (rulers of Mali 12th - 17th centuries) and various sub-saharan subcultures of North Africa (e.g. Gnawa, Stambeli)
  • By Sunni accounts, the Adhan text comes from Hadith not Qur'an. Two sources are cited: (1)Prophet's companion Umar proposed it; (2) Prophet's companion Abdullah bin Zaid received it in a dream
  • The vocal, text-centric form appears to have developed in explicit contrast to the calls of the other two monotheistic faiths: Christianity (using a bell) and Judaism (using a horn).
  • A modern reimagining of the origin of adhan (see 1:20:00), from Syrian director Moustapha Akkad's film, al-Risala (1976).
  • Map of adhan and geocultural performance styles (Click on the balloons to hear each call). Note that textual variation is quite limited (except briefly in Turkey the text has always been Arabic), but vocal timbral and melodic variation is wide. The style of the adhan -- stylistic and textual -- may index musical ability, geo-cultural region, and theological doctrine.
    • Melody
    • Group
    • Local musical sound
  • Here is a related research paper, including another sound map.
  • Hadith collections devote entire chapters to stories about the adhan, its origin and use:


The text varies primarily between communities of Sunna and Shi`a Muslims. Listeners respond quietly by repeating phrases, and reciting "la hawla walla quwwata illa bi Allah". The principal call is made outside the mosque, originally via the minaret (ma'dhana) and these days via loudspeakers. A quicker less melodic call without the double repeats and heard mainly inside the mosque is called iqama and takes place just before prayer begins.

Sunna

The Sunni call

The text:

Allahu akbar Allahu akbar (2x)
Ashhadu an la ilaha illa Allah (2x)
Ashhadu anna Muhammad rasul Allah (2x)
Hayya ‘ala al-salah (2x)
Hayya ‘ala al-falah (2x)
al-salatu khayrun min al-nawm+ (2x)
Allahu akbar Allahu akbar
la ilaha illa Allah

The meaning:

God is greater (4x)
I testify that there is no deity but God (2x)
I testify that Muhammad is the messenger of God (2x)
Come to prayer! (2x)
Come to salvation! (2x)
Prayer is better than sleep. (2x) +
God is greater (2x)
There is no deity but God.


+performed at dawn prayer only

Shi`a

The Shiite call

The Shiites add three additional lines:

  • after "Ashhadu anna Muhammad rasul Allah": Ashhadu an `Ali wali Allahu (I testify that Ali is close to God), Ashhadu an `Ali hujjat Allah (I testify that Ali is proof of God)
  • after "Hayya ‘ala al-falah": Hayy `ala khayr al-`amal (2x) (come to the best of works)

More Adhan recordings

A very beautiful Iranian Adhan performed by Moazenzadeh Ardebili who was from Azarbayejan (a Turkish-speaking province in northwest of Iran)

The widely-imitated call to prayer of Mecca, performed by Shaykh Ali Ahmed Mulla, imitated here: [1]

The call to prayer in Medina, performed by Muhammad Hakiim

A Turkish call

The call to prayer, with Islamic images, performed by Kuwaiti Shaykh Mashari Rashid

Numerous examples in various maqamat