Arab Modernity and popular musical transformations: 5 themes

Westernization and colonization: musical sound

• Sabah Fakhri[1]
• Umm Kulthum
• Marcel Khalife
• Ali Hamida
• Ruby

Rise of commodification and music media

• late 19th c: musical plays, operettas, ticketed concerts, caberets
  • Abu Khalil Qabbani (1835-1902)
  • Salama Hijazi (1852 - 1917)
  • Badia Masabni1892- 1974 [2]
• 1904 phonograms
  • Sayed Darwish
• 1920s radio (1934 national radio)
• 1932 musical films: first Unshudat al-Fu’ad, starring Nadra and Shaykh Zakariya Ahmad, then Al-Warda al-Bayda, starring Muhammad Abdel Wahhab.
• Midaq Alley (film 1963 starring Shadia, setting 1940s) Watch the film from 15:00.
• Samia Gamal and Tahia Carioca and 78s
• 1980s and 90s: cassettes, CDs; Ali Hamida
• 2000s: satellite, internet and mobile distribution
  • Rotana
  • Mazika
  • Satellite technology in Egypt

Shifts in representation of women: the male gaze in music, veiling and unveiling...

• Almaz and Abdu al-Hamuli [3][4] with accompanying text.
• Umm Kulthum
• Samia Gamal[5]
• Ruby

Bifurcations: Religious/secular; Sufi/Salafi

• "Shaykh" vs "Effendi"
• Decline of religious training for singers
• Religious genres

Nationalism, pan-Arabism, and the media

The span of pan-Arab media

• Shifts in the pan-Arab media network