Arab Modernity and popular musical transformations: 5 themes

• Westernization and colonization: musical sound
  • Sabah Fakhri[1]
  • Umm Kulthum
  • Marcel Khalife
  • Ali Hamida
  • Ruby

• Rise of music media and commodification
  • 1904 phonograms
  • 1920s radio (1934 national radio)
  • 1932 musical films: first Unshudat al-Fu’ad, starring Nadra and Shaykh Zakariya Ahmad, then Al-Warda al-Bayda, starring Muhammad Abdel Wahhab.
  • Midaq Alley (film 1963 starring Shadia, setting 1940s) Watch the film from 15:00.
  • Samia Gamal and Tahia Carioca and 78s
  • 1980s and 90s: cassettes, CDs; Ali Hamida
  • 2000s: satellite, internet and mobile distribution
    • Rotana
    • Mazika
    • Satellite technology in Egypt

• Shifts in representation of women: the male gaze in music, veiling and unveiling...
  • Almaz and Abdu al-Hamuli [2][3] with accompanying text.
  • Umm Kulthum
  • Samia Gamal[4]
  • Ruby

• Bifurcations: Religious/secular; Sufi/Salafi
  • Religious genres

• Nationalism and the media
  • Shifts in the pan-Arab media network