Core ritual sounds: Adhān, Qurʾān, Duʿāʾ

Tuesday (2a)

Due today

Report including the following four works - address each in 1-2 paragraphs, and submit online.

• al-Said, Labib. The Recited Koran, pp. 11-27, 53-76
• Frishkopf, Michael. Mediated Qur'anic Recitation and the Contestation of Islam in Contemporary Egypt , pp. 75-84 top part , and pp. 111 (Conclusions) to 114 (& read more if you’d like). Listen to the audio examples: ex 3.1, Mustafa Ismail - Mujawwad style, ex 3.2, Mustafa Ismail - Murattal style, ex. 3.3, Ahmad al-Ajmi - Saudi style,
• Nelson, Kristina. The Art of Reciting the Qur'an (on reserve, in bookstore, and also online); browse this important book. Read selectively according to your interests, and get a sense of its overall scope and limits. (Note: You do not need to read the whole book! This is an opportunity to practice an important scholarly technique: selective skimming.)
• Koran by Heart, a beautiful documentary about a Qur'an competition. (Kristina Nelson served as consultant on this film.)

Also: memorize Surat Ikhlas (chapter 112 of the Qur'an) -- containing just four short verses -- and try to perform along with the recording, using this website: http://quran.com/112. Note that you can turn transliteration on or off, and listen. The Qur'an contains 114 chapters or suras, arranged roughly from long to short. Surat al-Ikhlas (chapter of Sincerity), also known as Surat al-Tawhid (chapter of Unity) is said to contain the essence of the Qur'an as a whole.

Watch this video from The Guardian, in which a calligrapher speaks and demonstrates his art. Have a look at the calligraphic representation of the Qur'an.

For those who are interested, here are some links on Arabic script and calligraphy:

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pBYFPI8gIt4 technique of the calligrapher
• http://web.stanford.edu/dept/lc/arabic/alphabet/ (really nice site - you can see each letter, watch it being drawn, and hear its sound)
• http://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail&key=Arab (technical discussion of the alphabet and script)
• http://www.omniglot.com/charts/print/arabic.pdf (a chart)
• http://www.omniglot.com/writing/arabic.htm (more)
• http://www.mastersofistanbul.com/en/ustalar/2/calligraphy Turkish masters of calligraphy

Class

Socratic dialogue

What is Islam? Music in Islam? Music and Islam?

Review

• Overview of Islam and Music & Islam

Discussions

• Discuss film Koran by Heart. What did you learn about Muslim societies through this presentation of Qur'anic recitation and competition? Why is memorization important? What is the role of sound, melody? Aesthetics? Relation of sound to text? Issues: gender roles, Arabic language, ethnicity/culture, nationalism, Islamic fundamentalism, politics (Maldives, Egypt, Tajikistan), secular/religious educations. How do you think memorization differs between those who speak Arabic, and those who don't? (Meaning vs. Sound). What do you think of the idea of competition? How fair was it?
• From this film: What do you learn about Islam through its sonic dimension that you might not learn otherwise?
• What is the value in examining the "sounds of Islam"? "Music of Muslim societies" from an Islamic perspective? Course goals.

Qur'an

• Revelation: 610 - 632 CE. Mecca, Medina. (Hijrah in 622)
• Word of God - essentially oral, then written
• Seven ahruf (letters) - 10 qira'at (readings)
• Recensions: Abu Bakr, Uthman.
• The structure of the Qur'an. The word - written (mushaf), recited (tilawa)
• Ordering in time (beginning with Surat al-Alaq), in text (beginning with al-Fatiha)
• Major themes of the Qur'an
• Overview of Qur'anic recitation: tilawa. Mujawwad, murattal. Women reciters. Contexts for recitation.
• Ahkam al-Tajwid - manuals, some online
• Calligraphy: Surat al-Ikhlas[1]
• Recitation: Surat al-Ikhlas comparisonsteaching Malaysian woman
• Surat Yusuf: multiple versions. How does recitation convey ideology without varying the text? [2]
• Learning Qur'an (kuttab) and its implication for musical training and discovery of talent. Memorization is central. The Hafiz (memorizer) has a special status.
• The recorded Qur'an. What are the implications of recording?

Adhan

The call to prayer (adhān) performed by the muʾadhdhin (muezzin) {from the Arabic root ʾ-dh-n, relating to the ear and hearing, as well as permission), originally calling from the maʾdhana or manāra (lighthouse, minaret), with a subsequent shorter call (iqāma) performed from within the interior of the mosque. The adhān is closely connected to the structure of the mosque. Here are some images.

• The adhan centers on Islam's first rukn (pillar), the shahāda or Islamic Creed الشهادة  (kalimatu l'tawhid or kalimatayn), in two parts:

1. laa ilaaha illaallah لا اله الا الله
2. muhammadun rasulullah  محمد رسول الله

• The Shahada and its Aesthetic Expression
• Adhan as Shahada and Call combined
• Introduction to the Adhan
• Adhan soundscape in Egypt (fajr prayer, Aug 2, 2015)
• Map of adhans around the world. Note variation in performance style; consistency in text (mostly). Where does the text differ and why? How does Adhan convey ideology?
• Women and Adhan. Female muezzina, Summer Yahia.[3]. Veiling: The female voice and concept of "awrah".
• Try reciting the Adhan, in multiple maqamat, following this notation
• adhan and political controversy:
  • Facebook adhan: controversy from within. (ditto for the “salawat”)
  • Hamtranck and Switzerland (and video) - bans
  • Switzerland controversy. debate. Swiss artist Johanes Gees project creates installation for reflection - with Azan from Church tower
  • Creative work with Adhan (Harvard ppt)

Language Performance

• Language Performance: LP (ppt on adhan - ICTM seminar)

Thursday (2b)

Due today

Report including the following four works - address each in 1-2 paragraphs, and submit for 2b.

• Shiloah, Music in the World of Islam, pp. 1-26
• Schimmel, Islam, pp. 29-50
• Empire of Faith part 2
• Watch selectively: The Message, a feature film about the coming of Islam, from the director of Halloween.

Class

Islamicate Music

• Readings in Shiloah
• Mostly what we know is the elite, court music... “art music"
• Formation through Islam as catalyst (connecting people through empire, language, religion; gathering wealth) and also restrictions (e.g. primacy of the voice)
• Commonalities
  • Focus on language, combined with sound system: tonal and temporal
  • music: tonality, temporality
    • maqam, microtones
    • iqa (darb, wazn, usul)
  • Shaped by Islamic discourse and practice (tilawa, Sufi hadra)
  • Shaping local Islamic practices
• Variations:
  • ideological differences, e.g. Sunni and Shia
  • language, dialect, pronunciation
  • culture, contexts, articulation with pre-Islamic culture
  • social and political factors: immigration/borders/state policies
  • Ramification of sound: localization adaptation