View source for Music 666 Fall 2017 outline

'''FIELD METHODS IN ETHNOMUSICOLOGY'''

Short URL for this website: http://bit.ly/fmeth17o

General course website including science and equipment links:  http://bit.ly/fmeth17

= Instructor =

Professor Michael Frishkopf<br>
Meetings:  Fall 2017, Mondays, 9 – 11:50 am, Old Arts 403<br>
Office: 347 Old Arts Building<br>
Office hours:   [http://frishkopf.org by appointment]<br>
Tel: 780-492-0225, email: michaelf@ualberta.ca<br>

=Overview=
Ethnomusicology is "the meaningful social practice of studying music as a meaningful social practice" ([http://www.fwalive.ualberta.ca/mediawiki/index.php?title=Music_666_winter_2012_outline#Overview Frishkopf 2011]) Within music studies, ethnomusicology's distinguishing practical feature is fieldwork, a principal component of the ethnographic enterprise upon which most ethnomusicological (and anthropological) research is based. This course aims to provide you with strategies for the aquisition of field methods (procedural, declarative, and critical knowledge) enabling you to perform critical ethnographic fieldwork, to gather ethnomusicological data, and develop ethnographies. <br>
<br>
For the first few weeks, we take up theoretical and critical overviews of fieldwork and ethnography (along with a heavy reading load), including – most importantly – issues of truth, power, and ethics. Subsequently, that load will be reduced as we begin to focus on acquisition of perspectives, knowledge, and methods—technical and social—pertinent to critical ethnomusicological data collection via participant observation, interviewing, field notes, audio and video recording, and still photography.  Here the course shifts gears, from reading about fieldwork to actually doing it. You will learn to transcribe and edit field materials, and to analyze and code fieldwork data in preparation for ethnographic writing. We will discuss techniques and strategies for molding multimedia materials into presentable formats, including documentary film, and development of multimedia websites, blogs, wikis, and podcasts. <br>
<br>
You will also learn to develop effective ethnographic research proposals centered on fieldwork (including preparation of budgets and timelines), suitable for funding and guiding your research project.  Most students should consider this course as an initial step towards their MA or PhD thesis.<br>
<br>
Ethnomusicology is a diverse set of practices, and complete training in its field methods is not possible in the span of 13 sessions. In particular, we will not have time to study the technical subjects (audio recording/editing, photography, video recording/editing) in depth. Mastery of any one of these subjects requires an enormous investment in study and practice. Nor will there be time to transform fieldwork products into ethnography.  Rather the focus here is on a broad spectrum of introductions—methods for acquiring methods, learning how to learn—in the hopes that you will thereby be enabled and motivated to explore further on your own. <br>

=Course objectives=

* To develop a theoretical understanding of ethnographic fieldwork—its nature, uses, aims, methods, and (ethical or epistemological) limitations—as a social practice.<br>
* To become familiar with various modalities of ethnographic fieldwork, their strengths and weaknesses.<br>
* To develop some practical fieldwork skills, particularly participant observation, interviewing, and fieldnotes, and the development of rapport.<br>
* To understand the principles of multimedia recording and editing  (audio, video, and image), and develop basic competencies in their technologies. 
* To learn how to organize and analyze fieldwork data, in preparation for ethnographic writing, including transcribing and coding.<br>
* To develop an ethnographic research proposal centered on a fieldwork project, and to carry out a portion of the latter.<br>

=Course requirements=
* Regular, punctual attendance.<br>
* Reading (or skimming, as appropriate) each week's reading assignments prior to the class in which it will be discussed, and preparation of presentations. Note: it is very important to learn to locate and absorb the gist of a reading without actually reading every word! Otherwise you may find the quantity of reading to be overwhelming. (We'll talk about this skill in class.) For each reading, I suggest you prepare a brief report (a few sentences), comprising a synopsis and a critique, for your own use, and keep these for future reference.  (They'll come in especially handy for the 3-4-page critical synthesis, due week 7.) Naturally this task is even more important when you will be leading the discussion.<br>
* Submission of a 3-4-page critical synthesis on fieldwork and ethnography (referencing assigned readings for weeks 1-5 only)<br>
* Submission of a preliminary research proposal defining an ethnographic project focusing on music (in the most general possible sense of this word), due week 4 (budget section due week 8). Note: your proposal should be related to your MA or PhD thesis plans, but must center upon fieldwork to be performed locally. See me if you're not sure how to do this.<br>
* Submission of 6 fieldwork/analysis practica applying techniques presented and demonstrated in the previous week's class.  As far as possible, these practica must all be directed towards execution of the research proposal, in a shared field setting.  <br>
* Presentation of final research proposal and project on the last day of class, when you will receive critical feedback.<br>
* Submission of a final web-based research proposal and report (including an ethics board application), containing edited excerpts of collected field data (fieldnotes, audio-recordings, photographs, video-recordings), and synthesized in a short descriptive ethnography incorporating critical feedback from your presentation.  Due:  Dec 18th.  <br>

''Please submit all text assignments by depositing them in [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B1kvIc4osA_FWkw3MWNrdm05SmM?usp=sharing your named Google Drive folder], using a subfolder named for the week in which the assignment is due.'' I will also provide any feedback or comments in that same folder.

= Evaluation =
== Assignments and weights ==

* Preliminary research proposal (a) and budget (i):  5%<br>
* Three to Four-page critical synthesis on fieldwork and ethnography (b): 5%<br>
* Six practica @ 6% each: 36% (fieldnotes (c); audiography (d); interviews (e); photography (f); videography (g); coding (h))<br>
* Final project proposal, ethnographic report, and presentation (j): 34%<br>
* Participation & assigned presentations:  20%<br>

NB: 
* There will be no exams.<br>
* Unexcused late assignments will be downgraded one quarter point per day.  <br>
* When page counts are given they refer to 1" margins, single-spaced, Times New Roman font, or equivalent.  "References cited" or "bibliography" does not count towards the page total.<br>
* Be sure to cite all references using the (author year:pages) format, and list all references cited at the end of your paper.<br>

== Grading scale ==
Evaluations of each assignment are on a scale from 0-4.3 points.  These scores are combined according to the percentages indicated below in order to produce a final numeric grade. This grade is rounded to the nearest numeric value in the table below, in order to determine the final letter grade. 
* A+:		4.3<br>
* A:		4.0<br>
* A-:		3.7<br>
* B+:		3.3<br>
* B:		3.0<br>
* B-:		2.7<br>
* C+:		2.3<br>
* C:		2.0<br>
* C-:		1.7<br>
* D+:		1.3<br>

=Resources=

* Readings. Most readings are available on [https://www.library.ualberta.ca/reserves reserve].  Many of the books containing these readings should be available for purchase at the University Bookstore.  It is not necessary to purchase all the books. However you may wish to invest in your fieldwork future by purchasing some of them, particularly the practical manuals (Bartlett, Grimm, and Hampe), which are general works for reference and self-study. Some readings are available online as well. See bibliography below for links. <br>
* Online films and videos.
* Class lectures, discussions, and presentations. Take notes on your colleagues' presentations!<br>
* Multimedia equipment in the [http://cce.ualberta.ca Canadian Centre for Ethnomusicology], including a minidisc recorder, a digital video camera, and an audio recorder. We will establish hours of use.<br>
* Your own multimedia equipment (audio, video, photo, laptop) (optional but good to assemble your "kit")<br>
* Other software for qualitative data analysis (HyperRESEARCH), scorewriting, audio/video editing, etc. (see below for a listing)<br>
* The CCE wiki:  http://cce.ualberta.ca  (see [[How to write these wiki pages]]).  I will create a wiki account for everyone so that you can use the wiki.
* The Field.<br>

=Schedule=

* Each week lists  in-class activities (for the collective Monday session, including discussions), and assignments (to be carried out individually during the remainder of the week, and to be completed by the following class).  ''Note:  Anything to be discussed in a given week also constitutes an implicit assignment for the previous week!''
* Full citations for all readings are listed in the bibliography below.
* Note that due to holidays our first official class day is Monday September 11 (week 1). 

==week 1 (Sep 11 - 17): introduction to fieldwork and the ethnographic project in ethnomusicology<br>==

===In class===
* Welcome and overview of course. Basic questions, purposes, goals.
* Introductions: who are we? Share some fieldwork stories, motivations...
* Some operating concepts:  source/reference, explanatory/interpretive/critical, descriptive/prescriptive, experience/inference, hermeneutics/positivism, meaning/structure, meaning/action, lifeworld/system, signifier/signified, structure/process, system/environment, semantic net/social net, constructivism/realism, reflexive/unreflexive, experiment/observation/participation, emic/etic, insider/outsider, ethnocentric/chronocentric, thought-feeling=meaning/discourse/practice, culture/society, ideational/material, idiographic/nomothetic, theoretical/applied, exploratory/hypothesis testing, qualitative/quantitative, inductive/deductive, synchronic/diachronic, cross-sectional/longitudinal, phenomenological/empirical, subjective/intersubjective/objective, micro/macro, researcher/informant(collaborator, participant...), arts/humanities/social science/science (and their "methods")

=== This week ===
Consider the ethnographic project, as carried out through fieldwork, and how its products (books, films) represent culture, by considering several instances:

* Read/skim [[Sample ethnographic introductions | sample ethnographic book introductions]] (skim and sample - please don't try to read everything)
* Critically [[Sample ethnographic films | sample a few of these ethnographic films]] ('''don't''' try to watch them all - just sample bits of several to taste the various flavors...)

As you read or watch, take a few notes, both descriptive and critical.  Ask questions of ''value'' and try to ''classify'' the samples.

''Assignment (due next time)''

* Write 1-2 pages about these ethnographic examples (books and films).  How is music and music culture represented? What contrasting approaches do ethnographers take? How can you evaluate and classify their research approaches and products?  What are their assumptions?  What sorts of representations do they produce, and what are the consequences for the work as a whole? Which of these approaches do you like, and why?  Conversely, which ones do you dislike, and why?  In sum, what is ethnographic fieldwork for ethnomusicology? How does it differ from other kinds of ethnographic fieldwork, or fieldwork generally?  ''You don't have to write about every example - be selective.'' 

* In 1-2 pages, outline your ethnographic research proposal by filling in a few sentences using my proposal template, [http://www.fwalive.ualberta.ca/~michaelf/fmethno/RPE.pdf Research Proposals in Ethnomusicology], parts I, II, III, IV, as a guide.  Focus on I and II primarily for now. (We'll discuss this in class when we meet.) Note that you will not complete this research during the semester, but you will direct your assignments towards it whenever possible. Ideally the proposal  should outline research you intend to carry out for your graduate thesis, though it is also possible to propose other (e.g. narrower, or even completely different) projects.

* Complete readings on theory of fieldwork and ethnography (as listed for discussion in week 2), for individual presentations and discussion next week. <br>

''Note that all references to readings are fully explicated in the [https://www.artsrn.ualberta.ca/ccewiki/index.php?title=Music_666_Fall_2015_outline#Course_readings list below].''

== week 2 (Sep 18 - 24): a critical examination of fieldwork and ethnography. Defining your own ethnographic project, planning your fieldwork<br>==

How does one frame an ethnographic fieldwork-based research project (book, article, or film) in ethnomusicology? We'll review [http://www.fwalive.ualberta.ca/~michaelf/fmethno/RPE.pdf Research Proposals in Ethnomusicology]  We'll discuss the research proposal format, and your incipient ethnographic fieldwork project ideas.

''Note: it's very important for you to "do" all the readings. BUT "do" doesn't mean read every word; you may skim some more than others, concentrating primarily on the one you (or others) will present, and those marked "all". On the other hand, it is not enough to focus on your own reading presentation, otherwise discussion will be limited.''

If you'd like to share reading notes, or engage in on-line discussions centered on individual readings, please use [http://www.fwalive.ualberta.ca/mediawiki/index.php?title=Music_666_reading_commentaries this page].

===In class===
* Review course mechanics - submission by email but with fixed subject headers
* What is fieldwork? What is ethnography?
* What is ethnomusicology (EM)? (3 extensions....) its aims? (academic knowledge? social practice?)
* Why is fieldwork central to the discipline of EM? Differentiate: EM, CM (comparative musicology), HM (historical musicology), PM (popular music studies), MT (music theory)....FS (folklore studies).
* Does EM have to deploy fieldwork?
* Theory and method:  how do they relate? Does theory imply method? Or the reverse?
* This course: [https://www.artsrn.ualberta.ca/ccewiki/index.php/Field_Methods_in_Ethnomusicology_(Fall_2017)#Overview ''introduction'' to fieldwork]
* Review some of the categories and contrasts from last time (emic/etic....).
* Some new ideas - tools for thinking:
** Explanation/understanding :: Science/humanities :: experimental method/interpretive strategy :: nomothetic/idiographic :: law/meaning
** Inductive vs. deductive (theory/method)
** Networks, social and semantic
** S-nets: interleaving social (intersubjective) network, semantic (symbolic) network (cf: society and culture).  
** Fieldwork as repositioning of the self within such nets. Phenomenology and Hermeneutics as tools of understanding.
** Degree of network immersion (time, space, language, life)
** Agency vs. Structure , or Lifeworld vs. System
** Rapport as key element of the positioning
** Truth :  between the objectivistic and the solipsistic
** Units of social analysis ("community", "culture", "city", "scene"...)
** Problem of boundaries: Culture areas as a partition of humanity into non-overlapping sets (e.g. [http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/ehrafe/browseCultures.do?context=main#thisChar=A eHRAF] or [http://www.theglobaljukebox.org/gjb-map.html# Global Jukebox] vs. social identity as set of overlapping circles representing affiliations
** Ethnography:  description vs. grounded theory; localized vs. comparative/multisited; linguistic vs. multimediated (ethnomedia?)
** Wide range of methods available (browse [http://methods.sagepub.com/methods-map Sage research methods map] (and many other valuable materials on their site)
** Culture as self-observing (E.g. El Mastaba (http://www.el-mastaba.org/); fieldworker as "second order observer", the "observer observing observation" (Luhmann system theory)
* Discussion of sample ethnographies (African). <br> 
* [https://sites.ualberta.ca/~michaelf/fmethno/RPE.pdf Project proposals]. Feedback loops: (a) between goals and methods; (b) between proposal and fieldwork.
* Presentation of fieldwork project proposal ideas, for class feedback (continued in week 3). 
* Reading presentations as assigned (be prepared to lead a critical discussion of your reading) and discussion of other readings.

===Readings for class discussion===

(Everyone read whatever is marked 'all' and be prepared to discuss them; read/skim readings to be presented by others; read with care those you will present for discussion, highlighting the main ideas, critiquing the work, and noting issues for collective debate, discussion, and analysis.)  See [https://www.artsrn.ualberta.ca/ccewiki/index.php?title=Music_666_Fall_2015_outline#Course_readings bibliographic list below] for full references and links where available. Note that any reading marked for class discussion in a given week must be read in advance! Take notes or mark up a copy (or PDF).

Please limit your presentation to 3-5 minutes max, plus a few minutes for questions and discussion.  Your presentation should be divided into two parts: (a) Treat as reference: what is this about? main points?  (b) Treat as source:  critique. What are the limits of what is being stated? How should it be contextualized?<br>
<br>
'''All''':   Faubion 2001, p. 39 (ch. 3 - skim for mentions of fieldwork - how is the word used?); Fetterman ch. 1-2 ; Jackson: chapters 1-4 (skim); Charmaz and Mitchell 2001 (grounded theory; skim).<br>

'''Assigned for presentation''': [[Week 2 assigned readings | Sign up for a reading you'd like to present in class using this wiki page]]... everyone skim everything:  Clifford and Marcus – essay by Marcus p. 165-188; Marcus 1998:  Intro, chapters 1, 2; Barz chapters 2 (Titon) and 3 (Rice) and other chapters (your choice; note which chapter you'd like to present.); Robben & Sluka (part VIII – your choice; note which chapter you'd like to present.)<br>

''See bibliography below for full listings of these works, some of which are online, otherwise on reserve or at bookstore.''

===Assignment===

(due next time): readings on ethics, for presentation and discussion next week. Also try logging onto the [https://remo.ualberta.ca/REMO/Rooms/DisplayPages/LayoutInitial?Container=com.webridge.entity.Entity%5BOID%5BAC482809EC03C442A46F2C8EEC4D75D3%5D%5D Human Ethics Research Online (Hero) system] .<br>
<br>

== week 3 (Sep 25 - Oct 1): ethical issues in fieldwork and ethnography<br> ==

=== In class ===

1) Fieldwork - review.    Overview of last session.  Student presentations of last week's readings (to be completed).

2) Ethics.  Some introductory ideas; case studies and field stories; institutional ethics.  Next, your reading presentations (be prepared to lead a critical discussion of your reading).  Discussion of ethics as philosophy (what are the various positions?), and organizational codes of ethics (how and why do they differ?).

We can also discuss the African ethnographies with an eye towards their ethical dimensions, and  [[pages about research ethics at the UofA]]. What principles inform these documents? What are the underlying motivations here?  How do institutions condition "ethics" - on what bases?

Your fieldwork projects, from an ethical perspective. Consider the ethical dimension of your projects - what aspects of your method might prove problematic? How will you address these issues?  Review the [http://www.fwalive.ualberta.ca/~michaelf/fmethno/RPE.pdf required format for research proposals in ethnomusicology].

3) Positionings and modes of research, preliminary for next week.

===Readings and pages for today's class discussion===

All read: Jackson: chapter 16; Murphy and Dingwall 2001, ch. 23 (p. 339 ff); Fetterman chapter 7; Kvale chapter 4; materials at [[pages about research ethics at the UofA]].  Sample ethnographies (review). <br>
<br>
[[Week 3 assigned readings]] (click to indicate which reading you'd like to present; everyone read all that have been selected): Barz chapter 9 (Shelemay); Faubion & Marcus p. 73 (Hamilton); Faubion & Marcus p. 145 (Faubion); Robben & Sluka (part VI – your choice);  DeWalt chapter 10.<br>

Please also browse the following:
<br>

Philosophy resources: 

* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-deontological/ Deontological ethics]
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consequentialism Consequentialism/]

Institutional and Organizational statements & codes of ethics (focus on ethnographic research disciplines):

* [http://www.ethnomusicology.org/?EthicsStatement Society for Ethnomusicology] and [http://www.ethnomusicology.org/?PS_IRB]
* [http://ethics.americananthro.org/category/statement/ American Anthropological Association]  [http://www.aaanet.org/issues/policy-advocacy/Code-of-Ethics.cfm and blog]
* [http://www.asanet.org/about/ethics.cfm American Sociological Association]
* [http://www.afsnet.org/?page=Ethics American Folklore Society]

===Assignment===

For next time: readings on positionings & modes of research (see next week for list and signup).  Review, once again, the African ethnographies and think about what sorts of positionings and modes their authors have adopted.  Also:  work on your research proposals, thinking about (a) how to introduce [[comparative and multisited perspectives]]; (b) ethical dimensions of your methodologies (we'll discuss these aspects next time).  Finally:  think about whether or not ethnographic research (anthropological, sociological, ethnomusicological, ethnochoreological) is moving towards applied work? How can we know?<br> 
<br>

Note:  You may like to enroll in one of the scheduled [https://docs.google.com/a/ualberta.ca/forms/d/15IiWQhWJ3NSx9leqsVRKy71n6aSFDVe9eW_wN1BLfxI/viewform REMO training sessions].

== week 4 (Oct 2 - 8):  positioning yourself in the field; modes of research <br> ==

=== Notes ===
* Preliminary research proposal and ethics application is due next week (there is no class due to Thanksgiving; submit via google drive)
* Synthetic critical essay is due in three weeks (just a heads-up)
* Make use of reference management software for all your assignments. I recommend [http://www.zotero.org/ Zotero] or [http://guides.library.ualberta.ca/refworks refworks]. Some like Endnote.

===In class===

Positioning and modality of fieldwork depends on research aims:
* towards accumulation of knowledge, depending on theory of knowledge = epistemology (for "pure research")
* towards positive change, depending on theory of action = praxis ("applied research")

Safety.

====Field positioning and modes====
* Positioning
** Where are you located (socially, culturally, geographically, physically)? Do you (can you) occupy more than one location (social status...)?
** What is your angle of view?
* Modes of field research, epistemologies of culture and society, and attitudes towards action
** participation, observation,  interviewing, surveying, archival research.
** fieldwork as action research

Implications of choices:  the embedding of the self
* S-nets (sonet, senet)
* Self-embedding through positioning and modality

More practically consider the range of choices before you:
* entry into the field (now considered as an s-net).  (Recall entry scenes in the African ethnographies)
* self-presentation and social distance
* establishing alliances and making commitments
* positioning and angling (literally - and metaphorically)
* defining infield and outfield boundaries
* defining rhythms of fieldwork, to and from infield/outfield, and especially to/from homefield
* how and how much to participate
* how much of prior connections to put on hold or leave behind
* the social network of connectivity, relationships
* the ineffable rapport
* ethics of the field position: local and global
* experiencing vs. measuring (qualitative vs. quantitative, empirical vs. 
* exploratory vs hypothesis testing research, and the role of iteration
* collaboration and participation (e.g. Participatory Action Research)
* living in the infield vs. living in the outfield

Mediation:
* via paradigm/theoretical assumptions
* via media technology
* via formalizing methodologies
* via authority or inexperience of outsider
* via disjunctions of the self - "going native"

Consider the various authors whom you've read this past week - how do their approaches differ? Are the differences disciplinary, idiosyncratic, or a little of each? How are they shaped by aims or by the field itself?

====Personal safety issues====

* While not generally filed under the rubric of "positioning" (or "ethics") taking your own safety into account is obviously very important!  Furthermore your safety may affect the safety of those around you (and vice versa) so that this issue is not isolated from a broader ethical one.
* Consider the risks, and weigh them against benefits (e.g. learning, musical experience, academic degree, personal growth and self-realization, etc.)
** Endemic disease; precautions and medications required
** Pre-existing conditions and how they can be managed
** Transportation hazards (seatbelts? motorcycles? helmets? crossing the street??)
** Random street crime (from pickpockets to violent crime), time of day
** Relationship issues with project participants
** Becoming a target
** Government hostility to foreigners
** Political instability, demonstrations
** Armed conflict
* Examine the following resources on and off campus:
** [https://www.ualberta.ca/risk-management Risk Management Services], including insurance issues (be sure you are covered before you leave!)
** [http://www.fieldoffice.ualberta.ca/ Field Research Office]
** [https://travel.gc.ca/travelling Government of Canada travel advisories]
** [https://travel.gc.ca/travelling/health-safety Government of Canada travel health and safety]
** [https://travel.gc.ca/travelling/registration Government of Canada registry for travel abroad]
** [https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/list/ Center for Disease Control travel pages]

[[Music 666 (2017) reading presentations - weeks 2,3,4 | Presentations for today]]

=== Readings for today ===

<br>
Reading presentations (be prepared to lead a critical discussion of your reading). Readings for class discussion:<br>
<br>
All:  Fetterman: ch. 3 (esp. 31-37, 57-62; we'll cover interviewing later); Jackson: chapters 5-8 (skim, esp. chapter 7 which we'll cover later); DeWalt chapters 1-4, Kvale chapter 1<br>

[[Week 4 assigned readings]]: Marcus 1998: chapters 3, 4;  Kvale chapter 1; Barz chapters 4 (Berger), 6 (Virtual fieldwork), 16 (Advocacy); Robben & Sluka (parts II or VII – your choice).<br>
<br>

=== Assignment=== 

(for next time):  preliminary research proposal (a) including ethics component (via [https://remo.ualberta.ca/ REMO]), and readings for next week (see below), which you should read and critique (as usual!).<br> Also prepare to present your research proposals next week for group feedback (don't forget to include [[Comparative and multisited perspectives]]). Also critique our various [http://m4ghd.org applied  projects] as instances of applied/action/advocacy ethnomusicology.

== week 5 (Oct 9 - 15): writing; participation, observation, and participant observation. Fieldnotes (THANKSGIVING - no class on Oct 9) <br> ==
'''NOTE:  Oct 9 is a holiday; there will be no class this week but please do submit assignments and continue with your readings as outlined below. Out of respect for Thanksgiving you may submit assignments on Wednesday of this week (Oct 11)'''
<br>
'''Due (Oct 11)''':  Preliminary ethnographic fieldwork research proposal (a), including a preliminary ethics application via [https://remo.ualberta.ca/ REMO].
<br>Note:  budget section (i) is not due until week 8. 

* Follow the format presented in the document [http://www.fwalive.ualberta.ca/~michaelf/fmethno/RPE.pdf Research Proposals in Ethnomusicology].
* Remember, this is a draft!
* Don't spend a lot of time on background (III:  area, scope; VI: literature review) at this point.  In area/scope (III; maybe a page?) you should primarily strive to clarify your project, by defining terms (whether topical or theoretical) and introducing needed context and environmental factors.  Most important is topic, aim, problems, and especially methods (Sections I, II, IV).  Omit the resources/workflow section for now (budget, timeline, in section VII).  References cited should be included, but this can be generated automatically if you're using bibliographic software (refworks, endnote, etc.).
* The ethics application is entirely separate from the proposal in form (i.e. they're two separate documents), but not in content. Generally you'd provide the ethics review board with a condensed version of the project proposal, getting more specific on issues that matter to them (e.g. the kinds of questions you intend to ask in interviews, also part of your methodology section), less so on others (e.g. background).  So  while they're two distinct documents, you can certainly do a considerable amount of cutting and pasting from one to the other.  Create your ethics application on [https://remo.ualberta.ca/ REMO] by logging in and creating a new study (but don't press "submit" until we've had a chance to review everything together), then print it to PDF format. If you have trouble please contact help via REMO. You may have to request a PI role for yourself before you are allowed to create an online ethics app.


[NB: No class due to Thanksgiving; happy holidays!  But please do all the readings and note assignments for the following week, this week's class activities will be split between last week and next week.]



<br>
Readings to complete by today (include in your synthetic-critical bibliographic essays):<br>
<br>
All: Fetterman, chapter 6; Dewalt (read chapters 5-8 selectively; skim the rest according to your interests); Emerson et al (book):  Preface, chapters 1, 2 (you can also glance through their chapter in the [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B1kvIc4osA_FWkw3MWNrdm05SmM?usp=sharing Handbook of Ethnography]); Barz chapter 13 (Barz)<br> Note: from now on there are no individually assigned readings, but do read everything, take notes, and be prepared for critical discussion.<br>
<br>
'''Assignments''' (for next time):   

Additional theoretical and critical perspectives for the coming week. Read selectively from the following, according to relevance for your project (pick at least three chapters or articles you haven't read previously): Marcus 1998 chapters 8-10; Marcus 1999 (any); Barz (any); Marcus, J. 2001 (Orientalism); Maso (phenomenology); Van Loon (cultural studies); Spencer (postmodernism); Lather (postmodernism); Robben & Sluka (parts IX and X on reflexive and fictive ethnography), or anything else from the works listed in the bibliography. You'll incorporate these readings, along with others from weeks 1-5, in your critical synthesis, due week 7.<br>

PO  (participant observation) fieldnotes assignment: infield and outfield (c):

* Purchase a small, pocket-sized notebook (you can experiment with different sizes).
* Select a site (perhaps a store, restaurant, class…) , and visit it regularly each day - i.e. 7 days total - throughout the coming week - applying all the strategies of participant observation we've been reading about.  If this site can be part of (or close to) your project, great. If not, fine too. (But do  focus on a setting that includes music.)
* The aim:  describe the physical site, the social interactions/discourses of the site, and their meanings for participants.  Try to include something with music in it, and make a special focus on music in what follows.  Try situating yourself closer to the P or O in P-O (participant-observation). What's the difference?  
* Infield:  Practice the various techniques of infieldnotes (open or covert jot, mnemonics, headnotes) 
* Outfield: using your computer, writeup outfieldnotes – expand your jottings, mnemonics, or headnotes into your journal entry for the day.  How much can you remember? Try various strategies: writing immediately after withdrawing from the infield, later that evening, the next day. How much do you remember?  Try various techniques
* For each entry, also include a meta-entry:  your observations of yourself as a fieldworker, i.e. fieldwork of fieldwork (reflexivity).  Observe yourself, situate yourself.  How did people react to you?  What was the effect of your presence in the field?  What relationships were established?  What techniques were most fruitful?  How did you feel doing them – what modes of working do you feel comfortable in?
* In your outfieldnotes:  invent typographical means of differentiating the various registers and categories of content. [e.g. separating descriptions from 
* Bring everything with you next time.
<br>

== week 6 (Oct 16 - 22):  More theoretical and critical perspectives on fieldwork & the ethnographic enterprise. <br> ==

<br>
'''Due''':  Fieldnotes (c). (Submit this and other assignments via your Google Drive folder.)<br>

'''In class:'''  
* Discussion of PO assignments (due today) and proposals/ethics applications (due last week) 
* Discussion of [[Music 666 (2017) reading presentations - weeks 2,3,4 | readings that have not yet been discussed.]]. 
* Discussion of readings assigned last week (please prepare to present one of your selected readings).  
* Introduction of Soundwalk (to be explained).

'''Assignment''' (for next time): 

''Critical synthesis on fieldwork and ethnography.''  Three to four-page (single-spaced, 1" margins, Times New Roman or equivalent font) critical synthesis on fieldwork and ethnography, addressing key issues of method, representation and ethics, and gathering theoretical, methodological, and critical readings to date (as many as possible) from weeks 1-5,  whether assigned for everyone to read together, or for a particular person to present (b). (However it is not necessary to read every word of every reading in order to include it in your critical synthesis.)  Focus on comparing, contrasting, thematizing, and critiquing. Group multiple readings together - you won't have space to talk about each one individually. Rather, the idea is to highlight the main ideas, to emphasize what's important, what's controversial, and what's lacking.  Show me that you've done the readings...and thought about them critically as ''sources'' (to be understood in context) not merely ''references'' (to be accepted as authorities). Three to four single-spaced pages is a ''minimum''. Note that your grade will depend in part on the number of readings you critically discuss, and how well you critically synthesize them. You needn't cover every last one, and you can be selective, but please don't stint either.  ''You must cover all readings assigned for everyone to read, those that you presented in class, and those that you selected (when there was a choice).''   '''Very important!''' As you mention a reference, be sure to cite it in-text using the (author date:pages) format, and append an alphabetical list of references (not counted in the 3 pages) cited at the end.  If you use bibliographic software (Endnote, Refworks, etc.) this list will be generated automatically. Remember, Refworks is free - available on the UofA Library site.  Another wonderful tool is [http://www.zotero.org/ Zotero], a Firefox plugin - a highly recommended research tool.

''Soundwalk''.  Also due next time:  soundscape/soundwalk assigment (to be further explained in class):  select a route of approximately 1-2 km.  At 4 or 5 points  along this route, pause and listen for a while, eyes open, then eyes closed.  Consider:  sonic texture, timbres, pitch, loudness, rhythms, tempos, sources, locations. Before moving ahead, notate your listening experience in a small notebook, in 2 ways:  (a) using linguistic description, (b) using any kind of graphical notation. How does opening or closing the eyes affect your experience? Also note your exact location. Record the sound at each stopping point using a mobile phone.  Afterwards, compare notations and sound recorded.  Create a google map (go to [https://www.google.com/maps], click on the menu button, then select "my maps", "create map", and add markers numbered sequentially.  If possible upload your sound files to youtube or soundcloud (providing you haven't recorded conversations) and link to these markers. You can also draw lines connecting the markers to indicate the route you followed.  For some background on these techniques read [https://soundwalkinginteractions.wordpress.com/2010/09/27/soundwalking-creating-moving-environmental-sound-narratives/], [http://makingmaps.net/2008/03/25/making-maps-with-sound/], and browse  [http://digitalcollections.library.ku.edu.tr/cdm/landingpage/collection/SOI] and [https://soundscapeofistanbul.ku.edu.tr/archive].  This assignment will not be graded. 


<br>

== week 7 (Oct 23 - Oct 29): field recording:  an overview of physical principles, formats, technologies, equipment, supplies, methods, storage, labeling, basic metadata concepts. Budgeting. <br> ==

<br>
'''Due''':  Three to four-page critical synthesis on fieldwork and ethnography (b).<br>
<br>

'''In class:'''  

* Discussion of [[Music 666 (2017) reading presentations - weeks 2,3,4 | readings that have not yet been discussed.]]. 
* Field recordings, metadata, storage and archiving
* [[History of fieldwork technology]]
* [[Signals, Waves, Acoustics, Psychoacoustics, and music | Physics and engineering concepts for music and fieldwork]]
* Lab:  experiments with [http://audacityteam.org/ Audacity], [http://www.falstad.com/fourier/ Fourier series/transform]: tones, noise, spectograms  (frequency, analysis)

<br>
Readings to prepare for class:<br>
<br>
Jackson: chapter 9; Fetterman: chapter 4. Entries for "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata Metadata]", and "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_core Dublin Core]" in wikipedia (follow available links).<br> Also see [http://wiki.dublincore.org/index.php/User_Guide Dublin Core Usage Guide] and other documents at [http://dublincore.org Dublincore.org]
<br>
[http://hul.harvard.edu/ois/digproj/metadata-standards.shtml Harvard's guide to metadata standards] is very useful as a summary of the various types (descriptive, technical, structural, preservation, rights...)

Note: Equipment ([http://www.worldstandards.eu/electricity/plugs-and-sockets/ electrical plugs and sockets])

'''Assignments for next time:'''
# Consider: how will technology enabling you to record sound and light waves contribute to your project? What are the advantages, what are the risks?  How does such technology supplement, complement, support, or undermine your humanistic aims?  Work technology into your methodology and consider it critically in relation to your project. Write 2 pages on this topic (what methods would you adopt? & how would you evaluate them critically?), ultimately to be added to your research proposal methodology.  
# Begin to search for appropriate equipment and sketch a preliminary budget (i). 
# Complete readings for next week and prepare to discuss or apply them. 

Also:  review theory from last class - and play around with Audacity to get a better sense of how sound works in practice!
<br>

== week 8 (Oct 30 - Nov 5): audio-recording and editing. DAW, Audacity, Praat, pitch detection, spectral analysis. MIDI, music transcription and scorewriting software.<br> ==

<br>
'''Due''':  (2017: you can submit these next week) Proposal’s preliminary budget (i) and critical review of technology (2 pages; see assignment above). <br> Continue to develop your proposal generally. At this time you should have fleshed out the following sections of your proposal:  aim; area (briefly); scope; research questions; research methods; budget (still sketchy); bibliography (include annotations if you have them).  (Please develop some familiarity with bibliographic software!)  You should also have completed a draft ethics application.  (As we learn more about equipment your budget section will expand, as it's an equipment list as well.)

Have a look at  [[Multimedia editing and analysis software | audio editing and analysis software]], including scorewriters, sequencers, digital audio editors, and analysis tools and consider related metadata issues.  Continue to play around with Audacity.

Review entries for "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata Metadata]", and "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_core Dublin Core]" in wikipedia (follow available links) as well as [http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/ the Dublin Core site overview].


'''In class:'''
<br> 
* Where we are, what you've completed
** I've reviewed synthetic-critical essays, but they are not all in...
** Hold makeup class?
* Soundwalks?
* History of recording technology (watch especially video #5 in the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DwjejN3sYNc&list=PLy5nynGqE9jNdrKswEjr81obPhGAHgMFm First Sounds series])
* What are the implications of "sending the past into the future"? Is this not unprecedented in the universe? Or is it?
* Early sound archives, Berlin Phonogram Archiv and audio CDs representing the phases (wax cylinders, tapes)
* [[Signals, Waves, Acoustics, Psychoacoustics, and music | Science of waves and sound]]
* [[Audio recording in theory]]
* Range of equipment and software
** [[Multimedia editing and analysis software | audio editing and analysis software]], including scorewriters, sequencers, digital audio editors, and analysis tools and consider related metadata issues.  Continue to play around with Audacity.
** [[Fieldwork hardware]]
* Demos of software tools (audio, linguistics, scorewriters).
* Audio recording: technical, pragmatic, and  ethical issues
* Ethnography and technology:  a critique
* Metadata concepts and issues: in theory and in practice
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata Metadata]
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_core Dublin Core]
** [http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/ the Dublin Core site overview].
* Budgets 



<br>
Readings for class discussion (to be read in advance):<br>
<br>
Jackson chapters 10, 11; Ives:  chapter 1 (dated, but fun to read); Bartlett (browse for basic concepts about microphones and digital recording).  Wikipedia:  "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorewriter scorewriter]".<br> Also,
browse the outcome document for the [http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/projects/sounddirections/papersPresent/sd_bp_07.pdf Sound Directions] project (Harvard and Indiana U.)

<br>
'''Assignment''':  audio recordings of music, plus metadata and transcription/analysis; begin to become familiar with software tools (d).  

Recording: Try making a variety of recordings of the same music event, with different hardware/software settings, in different physical positions (close, far), using various kinds of equipment at  your disposal.  For each recording, document these parameters (part of "technical metadata"; see below) so you can relate the different "inputs" (equipment and settings) to "outputs" (recordings themselves).  

Metadata: Create a basic table (in Word or Excel) to record metadata, focussing on descriptive and technical metadata.  Descriptive metadata will include everything about recording content (e.g. date, place, time, composer, title, musicians, etc.)  Technical metadata (which falls under the broader heading of administrative metadata) will include such things as:  kind of microphone, details about the recording setup, distance from music, etc.  

Transcription and analysis:  Also try using various tools (Finale, Sibelius, abc, Sonic Visualiser, Speech Analyzer, Audacity, Praaat) to transcribe and analyze the music.  See [https://www.artsrn.ualberta.ca/ccewiki/index.php?title=Multimedia_editing_and_analysis_software Scorewriters]. Some tools will also enable you to embed metadata, i.e. tie a comment to a particular moment in time. We'll also explore this procedure using HyperRESEARCH later on.  You may also try a low-tech solution:  transcribe to staff paper!

See [[Making an audio recording]] for some helpful hints on making recordings, in addition to your readings above. <br>
<br>

== week 9 (Nov 6 - 12): interviewing<br> ==


<br>
'''Due''': Rough edits of audio recordings (using Audacity), plus metadata (Dublin Core) and short music notation transcription/analysis, for discussion and critique in class (final edits due with final project).  Use of Audacity and a scorewriter for transcription/analysis. (d)<br> Also: from last week:  Proposal’s preliminary budget (i) and critical review of technology (2 pages).
<br><br>

Readings for today:  

Review Fetterman, pp. 37-56 and Jackson ch. 7 which we covered in week 4; add: Kvale (read chapters 2, 3, 10; skim chapters 5, 6, 7, 8, and others selectively, according to your interests); Emerson et al:  chapters 3, 4, 5; Ives:  chapters 2 & 3; DeWalt chapter 7; Heyl 2001<br>

Please make a list of  summarizing the important issues in interviewing, as gleaned from the readings. Prepare to discuss this list, as well as  how you intend to apply the interview method to your project. 


<br>
'''Assignment''' (due next time): Conduct one interview, about an hour long, in three segments.  Try three  techniques: audio recording, simultaneous notes, and memory (subsequent notes).   In each case there are advantages and disadvantages - make note of both.
* Audio recording:  make a recording of your interview. (Consider microphone type, direction. Who are you recording? Be sure to monitor the recording while you're interviewing. Note the difficulties in doing so! How does the presence of technology affect the interview?)
* Simultaneous notes:  take notes while you're interviewing. (What is the impact of this "technology"?)
* Memory:  no simultaneous notes!  You can maintain perfect engagement and eye contact throughout. But try your best to remember the main points and any striking quotes you may want to preserve. Afterwards try your best to record the interview - paraphrasing or even jotting down snippets of conversation if you can remember.  (What are the difficulties this time?)

Try two levels of formality:  (a) formal interview (with definite questions and limited time for each; you might experiment with even having the questions before you, as on a form), and (b) informal interview, bordering on participant-observation conversation.  You can try both in a single interview, perhaps by starting with an informal conversation, before launching into the "official interview" (or the reverse)  - make note of the impact of this switch. 


After you've completed the interview:  Write up your notes. Transcribe and analyze a portion of the recorded interview using two levels of etic detail:  
* (a) microtranscription possibly with IPA ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet International Phonetic Alphabet]) or temporal notation; in this case the idea is to record the minutiae of the interview as a linguistic interaction - with all its phonetic variations, pauses and other nuances of pronunciation and conversational flow; you may even wish to develop a notation that is capable of (roughly) indicating timing (including pauses) and pitch (high/low if not actual frequency). You may use a technical tool (like [http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/ Praat]) or develop your own notation (for instance in MS Word you could make a table, using one column for timing information, another for pitch information - or adapt diacritical marks for either purpose).  [How does this microscopic focus alter your perception of what transpired?]  You can install [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ipahome free IPA fonts and keyboards] from SIL - I recommend (and use) [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=CharisSIL Charis] along with an [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=UniIPAKeyboard&highlight=IPA~unicode~keyboard IPA unicode keyboard].  IPA allows you to record sounds corresponding to all standard linguistic phonemes from any language - try it!
* (b) content transcription, in which the main point is to get at the content of what was said, rather than its form (sometimes in such transcriptions might also include a translation to English), whether capturing the "gist" or even through paraphrasing. [What are the major issues in this case?] Again consider various forms of notation (for instance: I used to use a triple quote mark to indicate paraphrases, so I'd remember that this was not literal speech; you could also mark for language).


[In all cases:  consider issues that arise; advantages and disadvantages of each technique. How did you transcribe your own speech, or did you?]

Record a commentary (a sort of metadata) about your experiences  (as in the parenthetical questions above) to share with the class. Bring all materials next week. (e)<br>
<br>


Note: there are a number of transcription packages out there, including [http://www.bartastechnologies.com/products/transcriva/ Transcriva] (though it's not free, unfortunately). You can also transcribe using Audacity to slow a recording down, or to provide timings and sonic details (by adding transcription to the comments), or use a dedicated linguistic software tool like [http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/ Praat] or [http://www-01.sil.org/computing/sa/sa_download.htm?_ga=GA1.2.672355250.1445464664 Speech Analyzer]

== week 10 (Nov 13 - 19): photography and image manipulation software (Photoshop, Gimp) (READING WEEK - no class on Nov 13) ==

'''Due''': Interview results (questions, recording, transcription, analysis) (e), for discussion and critique (next week, since there's no class this week)

This week:  review websites and do readings, as listed below. <br>

* Transfer assignments to instructor via google drive (if files are too big we can do this next week via memory stick):
** Week 8:  Revised proposal, budget, ethics application 
** Week 9:  Audio recording rough edits, with metadata, and a short notation/transcription
** Week 10:  Interview results (questions, recordings, transcription, analysis - if you have physical notes bring them to class).

* Notes on the above: please review this week...
** Your proposal (and your budget is part of that) is an evolving document! Keep working on it.
** Budgets are equivalent to equipment lists with prices.  The more complete, the better.  I want everyone to select and price all the varieties of technology we describe in class, even if you think you can get away without them, e.g.:  various microphones (lavelier, wireless?), A/D converter, backup solution, speakers for feedback interviews, headphones for transcribing, DSLR with different lenses, flash, software (free or not)...Detail is what I'm looking for:  a camera bag that holds everything, cleaning solutions for lenses, cables and electrical converters...extension cords, mic stands, camera tripods, software you need to download before heading to the field, even special notebooks or pens. And don't forget budgets for room and board! Everything should be clearly identified not only by generic type, but by manufacturer and model, with accurate prices. Be creative, and be thorough!
* Notes on software tools:  please check these out...
** Audacity:  you need to export files or else transfer the aup file with its associated directory
** Transcription tools:  [http://transag.sourceforge.net/ TranscriberAG], [http://trans.sourceforge.net/en/presentation.php transcriber] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet IPA], [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=CharisSIL_download IPA font][http://ipa.typeit.org/]
* Review [[Signals, Waves, Acoustics, Psychoacoustics, and music]] (and do the homework assignment!) 
* Review [[Multimedia editing and analysis software]] and [[Fieldwork equipment suggestions (tentative)]]
* [[Audio recording in theory]] (review) and [[Making an audio recording | in practice]]

<br>
* [[Light, vision, and photography | Photography in theory and practice]] 
* This site contains useful tutorials: http://www.shortcourses.com/ 
* You'll also find much on YouTube.
<br>
Readings:<br>
<br>
Jackson chapters 12, 13; Grimm (browse as needed).<br>
<br>
'''Assignment''' (for next time):  photography (f).  Prepare a photo essay on a music-related (ideally, project-related) topic, including various kinds of photography (portrait, performance scene; flash, no flash; zoom, wide-angle etc.) If you use a "point and shoot", fine - but experiment with all possible settings (on manual mode) as well as lighting conditions, camera movement, stabilizing the camera (tripod, table..) or not, etc.  Basically: experiment and document the conditions of each photo in metadata.  In other words, take lots, and lots of pictures, but in a scientific way - in order to understand the consequences of camera settings and picture setup! Photos should be edited (cropped), possibly image-manipulated captioned, and uploaded to a google site (see below) for general display (NB: ethics! restrict visibility as needed). Also prepare a parallel table of metadata (technical and descriptive).  Bring for discussion next week. <br>
<br>

== week 11 (Nov 20 - 26): videography and video editing software (iMovie, Final Cut Pro, Adobe Premiere) <br> ==

<br>
'''Due in class''': Preliminary photography results, plus metadata  and text analysis, for discussion and critique in Monday's class (f)<br> (Everyone prepare to present and discuss fieldwork from the previous three weeks - photography at least briefly, and audio recordings and interview assignments if you didn't get to do this last week).
<br>

'''In class:'''

Monday's class:
* Phil Jameson - special guest. Prepare by browsing [http://www.philjamison.com/hoedowns-reels-and-frolics/ reviews and AV materials related to his book, Hoedowns, Reels, and Frolics] and [http://login.ezproxy.library.ualberta.ca/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=1017259&site=eds-live&scope=site browsing the book itself] (it's online).  Bring your interview questions!
* Issue: How does fieldwork feed back into the research process while you're still in the field?  The proposal (methods, even aims) as a rewritable document..
* Photography - theory
* The Gimp

Friday's class:
* Videography, theory, practice, fieldwork 
* Introduction to qualitative data coding

Note: software you should be mastering includes:
* Audacity - audio editing, analysis
* The Gimp - still photography/image manipulations
*  iMovie or Final Cut Pro - video editing, analysis
* [http://bit.ly/hyperresearch HyperRESEARCH] - qualitative data coding, for text, images, audio, video...in other words, everything!

[[Field Methods in Ethnomusicology (Fall 2015) | Please refer to this wiki page]] to review the scientific bases for fieldwork, the basics of recording audio and image, and links for relevant software and hardware.  There are more links at the [https://www.artsrn.ualberta.ca/ccewiki/index.php?title=Music_666_Fall_2015_outline#Software_and_hardware_tools bottom of this page].

Readings for discussion (prepare in advance of relevant class):<br>
<br>
Jackson chapter 14; Hampe (browse as needed); Weynand (browse as needed if you're using Final Cut Pro). Wikipedia:  "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_video_editing_software List of video editing software]"<br>
<br>
'''Assignment''' (for Friday: more photography - photographing, manipulating images - and begin to put together your presentation website (see below).<br>
'''Assignment''' (for next Monday): videography, initial coding experiments (you can do more in the following week), and presentation websites.  (g)<br>
<br>

== week 12 (Nov 27 - Dec 3): data organization, protection, storage, and use, in the field and beyond. More about metadata (kinds, representations). Archiving, digital repositories, databases, web 2.0 (blogs, wikis, podcasts).  Data coding, using qualitative analysis software. <br> ==

<br>
'''Due''': Rough edits of video footage (including titles and subtitles), with metadata and in-video transcription/analysis, for discussion (you can continue editing later ....final edits due with final project) (g). Please bring your video work in progress to share with the class. Talk about difficulties and issues involved in editing, whether technical or thematic.  You can also use this opportunity to talk about previous practica, particularly if you haven't presented any of yours yet (audio recordings, photography, interviews...).<br>

'''In class:'''

First half:
* Discuss video projects 
* Cataloging and archiving workflows, considering issues:
** metadata
** data security
** data dissemination
* Digital repositories
* Examples
* Intro to qualitative data coding: multilevel process (memos/annotations, open coding, closed coding, thesis chapters/sections)
**  [http://bit.ly/hyperresearch HyperRESEARCH]
** [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00989643 Nudist]
** Other
** Annotating audio and video:
*** HyperResearch
*** VESTA
*** YouTube


Second half:
Project presentations, using Google sites websites:  Preparation and presentations of google site summarizing your edited multimedia work. This will include everything you've prepared over the term, including  videography (but perhaps not yet coding).  You should edit these materials, e.g. cropping photos, excerpting fieldnotes, etc.  and include metadata for everything you present on the site (you may present metadata in a single spreadsheet, or distribute metadata according to media type - your choice).  Note that the process will be much easier if you store all your files on google docs - it's very easy to include these on a google site. (You'll include ''everything'' -- edited and unedited -- on the DVD version due at the end of the term.) See my sample site below for ideas.  Consider the website you present to be a ''first draft'': you can continue to edit the site and all its constituent materials, but please do your best to make it as perfect & beautiful as possible, including:
* Final research proposal (key:  brief overview (aim/significance/background) then:  method (in theory, in practice), timeline (prose or diagram),  budget/equipment (detailed - with prices, model #s....); and ethic proposal - can also include some of the media/practica if relevant)

Practica:
* Fieldnotes (illustrating infield and outfield notes)
* Interviews (audio recordings, and transcriptions - (a) microtranscription, (b) content transcription - see above)
* Music recordings (and notations) - edited using Audacity, transcribed with abc (soundwalks?)
* Photography (images - to be cropped and adjusted using the Gimp or other software)
* Videography - edited video footage, using iMovie or other software. Put together selected edited clips, with attention to sequencing & transitions, and including titles and subtitles as appropriate. Try voiceover if you want to.
* Coding (if possible):  You should have been working on coding your field research products (text, image, audio, video) using [http://bit.ly/hyperresearch HyperRESEARCH] qualitative analysis via coding files. You should have created several codes, and linked them to (a) fieldnotes; (b) interview recordings and transcripts; (c) other audio recordings; (d) images; (e) video recordings.  ''You do not need to purchase HyperRESEARCH - the free trial version will suffice.''


<br>
Background readings (prepare in advance) for discussion:<br>
<br>
Fetterman chapter 4 (again); Jackson chapter 15; Emerson: chapter 6<br>
Review metadata material:  Entries for "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata Metadata]", and "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_core Dublin Core]" in wikipedia (follow available links).<br> Also see [http://dublincore.org/documents/usageguide/ Dublin Core Usage Guide] and other documents at [http://dublincore.org Dublincore.org]

<br>
'''Assignment''' (for next time):   data coding using [http://bit.ly/hyperresearch HyperRESEARCH] (h).<br>
Practice by coding the various types of document as generated by prior practica:  fieldnotes, interview transcripts, audio, image, video.  Select a small set of codes, and refine it as you go.  Think about how you might assign codes to chapters in your thesis or dissertation, allowing you to analyze, synthesize, and write up fieldwork materials as an ethnography (which you don't need to write for this class!).
Also:  Refine your project proposals (including budget), and develop your practica further (e.g. if you haven't prepared a metadata sheet for one or more practica, please do so).

== week 13 (Dec 4 - 10): Moving out and writing up:  from field data to ethnography (analyzing, sorting, searching, synthesizing). Publication media (print, disc, web, documentary film). <br> ==

Submit your coding assignment, and have a look at the following readings. 

Note: Dec 4 is the last class; no class next week.  

Note: '''Final due date''' for all assignments - Dec 15.

'''Due:'''

Data coding assignment (h).


'''Readings:''' 
<br>
Fielding 2001; Fetterman: chapters 5, 6; Emerson: chapters 7, 8; Kvale chapters 11-15 (skim); DeWalt chapter 9; Hampe (again, browse what interests you); selections from Clifford and Marcus (introduction, other essays).  Skim HyperRESEARCH documentation and tutorials (download at http://bit.ly/hyperresearch)<br>

Return to [[Sample ethnographic introductions]] and consider how fieldwork  was woven into a completed ethnography.

* '''Media editing overview:'''  <br>Multimedia editing and other transforms -  concept and practice
** Each multimedia file represents a real-world signal  encoding real-world waves (temporal, spatial, or both) within certain boundaries of space (image), time (audio), or both (video).
** Non-destructive editing:  you can always undo - the edits are not performed until a "rendering" phase (applies mainly to video)
** Editing includes the following operations:
*** extracting AV pieces defined by smaller space-time boundaries ("cropping")
*** emphasizing or deemphasizing frequencies ("filtering") in time (pitch - getting rid of hum, color - correcting balance) or space (anti-pixelating)
*** applying special effects  (color to b&w, eliminating "red eye", sharpening lines, etc.)
*** generating "artificial" AV pieces (e.g. text, voiceover) not captured in the field, which you can add
*** assembling smaller pieces into bigger pieces while attending to junctures ("transitions")
**** adjacency:  putting pieces end-to-end
**** overlay: putting one piece atop another
** Other transformations:
*** compressing/decompressing:  compressed files are smaller, but harder to edit  - and sometimes (lossy compression) lower quality.
*** transcoding:  changing the codec, e.g. from mpeg to dv, or tiff to jpeg
* ''Some basic operations you should now know how to do:''
** Audio editing:  extracting clips, applying fades, normalizing, overdubbing (suggestion: Audacity)
** Image editing:  cropping, adjusting color and contrast, adding graphics and text (suggestion:  Gimp)
** Video editing:  preparing clips, separating audio/video components, applying effects and transitions, assembling clips, assembling audio and video clips separately, titling and subtitling... (suggestion: iMovie)
* '''Data organization, protection, storage, and use, in the field and beyond''' (review; from Week 12)
* '''Moving out and preparing your final products''':  Transforming ethnomusicological fieldwork into communicative ethnographic scholarship
** text vs multimedia?
** audience?
** Often text is considered the only possible mode of scholarly communication, AV serving only to provide illustrative examples. But AV can also become the primary modality...
** While most research products are text-centric, and theses are still required to be strings of words (with embedded diagrams, maps, charts, data tables, transcriptions and photographic images), documentary film  (from raw performance footage to highly interpreted to docudrama) is a powerful technique for reaching a wider audience using the full force of fieldwork's AV materials.  See [[Ethnographic film & music]] for a brief historical overview and summary of issues.
** Ethnographic writing. <br> Ethnomusicological scholarly writing and publication centers on text, plus a limited number of figures (usually b&w)...occasionally with audio examples. Online scholarship provides more room for AV modalities.
*** Seminar paper
*** Conference paper
*** Thesis
*** Book chapter
*** Journal article
*** Encyclopedia entry (usually includes your own fieldwork, and summarizes others')
*** Monograph
** Ethnographic multimedia:
*** film/video (documentary film)
*** photography (photo essay)
*** audio (documentary audio)
** The crucial role of coding in creating your final product:  
*** Ethnographic writing:  Analysis and synthesis: linking fieldwork materials to your thesis outline via coding.
*** Ethnographic multimedia:  linking fieldwork materials to your outline for film, photo essay, or audio recording 
*** Qualitative analysis software provides a systematic means of organization

== week 14 (no class): final web project (text/audio/image/video) due:  '''Dec 15'''<br> ==

Submission by the end of Dec 15th must include proposal, budget, ethics application, and partial ethnography (including text, audio, image, video, with metadata, transcriptions, analyses…).  Upload ''all'' final assignments to a single google drive folder called "<your name> Music 666".  Organize the folder using subfolders (one for the proposal/budget/ethics and critical synthesis, and others for each of the practica). Each folder should contain a file called README including a file list, explaining what it contains. Put all related materials together).  You can include a metadata sheet with each practica, or - if you prefer - a single metadata sheet in the main folder. Please also include your online presentation (see below).  Make sure you provide me with access.


The assignment list follows, together with weights for each assignment:

* Three-page (minimum) critical synthesis on fieldwork and ethnography (b): 5%<br>
* Final project proposal with budget and ethics, and uploaded presentation of your fieldwork (see below) (j): 34%<br>
* Six practica @ 6% each: 36% (fieldnotes (c); audiography (d); interviews (e); photography (f); videography (g); coding (h)).  Each practicum may consist of a number of files of different formats, and should be accompanied by metadata whenever appropriate. <br>


Of the remaing 25%:  5% is for your preliminary project proposal (a) and budget (i), handed in earlier this term.
Participation & assigned presentations count for 20%<br>

For the final google drive submissions, feel free to augment, rewrite, supplement, complement what you originally submitted or presented in class. For instance, over the course of the past several weeks, you may have revised your budget significantly, added material to your project proposal, complemented photographs with metadata, refined your metadata model, or performed additional practica (repeating interview, audio recording, video recording, etc.) 

Online presentation:  Putting things online is a preferred mode of dissemination these days. I'd like you to  ''compress'' (because full resolution may be too big) and ''edit'' all your materials (polished a bit - photos cropped, video edited) in order to create an online portfolio , using a google site within [https://sites.google.com/a/ualberta.ca/ University of Alberta google apps],  organized as a private "virtual exhibit" of your work (to make the google site private click the blue "Share" button at the upper right, then change to private access.  Add my email (and those of your colleagues in the class, if you wish) to the list of those who can access the site.  Include  the URL link  on the DVD. (j)<br>  Here is an [https://sites.google.com/a/ualberta.ca/m666-fieldwork-example/ example].  You should provide captions for audio, video and still photography, on their respective pages.  Illustrate interviews and fieldnotes with images and sound, on their respective pages. Include metadata for each of the practica (a,b,c,d,e,f,g) as well as proposal, budget, and ethics.  See last week's entry for more details.

The google drive foler contains all your fieldwork results, uncompressed, and somewhat raw.  The online presentation can be more selective and polished - and everything is compressed and linked for convenient web viewing.

<br>

=Software and hardware tools =

Ethnographic fieldwork is perforce very much a DIY enterprise, and for this reason I advocate use of free or inexpensive available tools whenever possible. However some investments (e.g. a good camera or audio recorder) are certainly justified and worthwhile, especially prior to embarking on long-term fieldwork.

For a tentative list including many cutting-edge options see [https://www.artsrn.ualberta.ca/ccewiki/index.php/Field_Methods_in_Ethnomusicology_(Fall_2017)#Equipment_and_tools_for_recording.2C_editing.2C_and_analysis] - note the qualification "tentative", applying especially to hardware, which is constantly changing. Expensive items that hold their value are the signal collectors and transducers - lenses and microphones and speakers - everything else has a limited shelf-life.

=Bibliography=
== Course readings ==
<br>
'''Available on [https://www.library.ualberta.ca/reserves reserve]; several items available online;  many also available in the SUB bookstore for purchase.<br>'''

<br>
Bartlett, Bruce and Jenny Bartlett. 2009. Practical Recording Technique (Fifth Edition). Amsterdam:  Focal Press. <br>
<br>
Barz, Gregory F. and Timothy J. Cooley.  2008.  Shadows in the Field:  New Perspectives for Fieldwork in Ethnomusicology (second edition).  Oxford:  Oxford University Press. (Available online via UofA Library.) [http://www.library.ualberta.ca/permalink/opac/5342274/WUAARCHIVE second edition] [http://lib.myilibrary.com.login.ezproxy.library.ualberta.ca/browse/open.asp?id=45311&loc= first edition] (contains many of the same essays)<br>
<br>
Brunt, Lodewijk. 2001. Into the Community. In: [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B1kvIc4osA_FWkw3MWNrdm05SmM?usp=sharing Handbook of Ethnography], edited by Paul Atkinson, Amanda Coffey, Sara Delamont, John Lofland and Lyn Lofland. London: Sage. (ch. 5)<br>
<br>
Burawoy, Michael and Joseph A. Blum, Sheba George, Zsuzsa Gille, Teresa Gowan, Lynne Haney, Maren Klawiter, Steve H. Lopez, Sean Riain, Millie Thayer.  2000. Global Ethnography: Forces, Connections, and Imaginations in a Postmodern World.  University of California Press.<br>
<br>
Cerwonka, Allaine  and Lisa H. Malkki. 2007. Improvising Theory: Process and Temporality in Ethnographic Fieldwork. Chicago: U. Chicago Press.<br>
<br>
Charmaz, Kathy and richard G. Mitchell.  2001. Grounded Theory in Ethnography. In: [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B1kvIc4osA_FWkw3MWNrdm05SmM?usp=sharing Handbook of Ethnography], edited by Paul Atkinson, Amanda Coffey, Sara Delamont, John Lofland and Lyn Lofland. London: Sage. (ch. 11)<br>
<br>
Clifford, James and George Marcus.  1986.  Writing Culture:  The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography.  <br>
<br>
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B1kvIc4osA_FWkw3MWNrdm05SmM?usp=sharing.pdf Dewalt, Kathleen M. and Billie R. Dewalt.  2002.  Participant Observation:  A Guide for Fieldworkers.]  Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press.<br>
<br>
Emerson, Robert M., Rachel I Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw.  2001. Participant Observation and Fieldnotes In: [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B1kvIc4osA_FWkw3MWNrdm05SmM?usp=sharing Handbook of Ethnography], edited by Paul Atkinson, Amanda Coffey, Sara Delamont, John Lofland and Lyn Lofland. London: Sage. (ch. 24)<br>
<br>
Emerson, Robert M., Rachel I. Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw.  1995.  Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes.  Chicago:  The University of Chicago Press.<br>
<br>
Fargion, Janet Topp, ed. 2001, 2nd edition. A Manual for Documentation, Fieldwork, and Preservation for Ethnomusicologists. 91pp. $6 for members / $12 for non-members. 91 pages.  Technologically out of date, but containing sound advice otherwise;  [https://ethnomusicology.site-ym.com/store/ViewProduct.aspx?id=1237833 order your copy here].<br>
<br>
Faubion, James D.  and George E. Marcus  (editors). 2009. Fieldwork Is Not What It Used to Be: Learning Anthropology's Method in a Time of Transition.  Ithaca: Cornell University Press<br>
<br>
Faubion, James D. 2001. Currents of Cultural Fieldwork. In: [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B1kvIc4osA_FWkw3MWNrdm05SmM?usp=sharing Handbook of Ethnography], edited by Paul Atkinson, Amanda Coffey, Sara Delamont, John Lofland and Lyn Lofland. London: Sage. (ch. 3)<br>
<br>
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B1kvIc4osA_FWkw3MWNrdm05SmM?usp=sharing Fetterman, David M. 1998.  Ethnography] (second edition): Step by Step. London: Sage.<br>
<br>
Fielding, Nigel. 2001. Computer Applications in Qualitative Research. In: Handbook of Ethnography, edited by Paul Atkinson, Amanda Coffey, Sara Delamont, John Lofland and Lyn Lofland. London: Sage. (ch. 31)<br>
<br>
Grimm, Tom and Michelle Grimm.  2003 The Basic Book of Photography: the Classic Guide (5th edition).  New York: Plume Press.<br>
<br>
Hampe, Barry.  2007.  Making Documentary Films and Reality Videos : A Practical Guide to Planning, Filming, and Editing Documentaries (Second Edition).  New York: Holt.<br>
<br>
Heyl, Barbara Sherman. 2001.  Ethnographic Interviewing. In: [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B1kvIc4osA_FWkw3MWNrdm05SmM?usp=sharing Handbook of Ethnography], edited by Paul Atkinson, Amanda Coffey, Sara Delamont, John Lofland and Lyn Lofland. London: Sage. (ch. 25).<br>
<br>
Ives, Edward D.  1995.  The Tape-Recorded Interview:  A Manual for Field Workers in Folklore and Oral History (2nd edition).  Knoxville:  University of Tennessee Press.<br>
<br>
Jackson, Bruce.  1987.  Fieldwork.  Urbana:  University of Illinois Press.<br>
<br>
Kvale, Steinar and Svend Brinkman. 2009. InterViews: An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing (Second Edition). London: Sage<br>
<br>
Lather, Patti.  2001. Postmodernism, Post-structuralism and Post(Critical) Ethnography: of Ruins, Aporias and Angels. In: Handbook of Ethnography, edited by Paul Atkinson, Amanda Coffey, Sara Delamont, John Lofland and Lyn Lofland. London: Sage. (ch. 33)<br>
<br>
Marcus, George E.  1998.  Ethnography Through Thick and Thin.  Princeton:  Princeton University Press.<br>
<br>
Marcus, George E. (editor). 1999. Critical Anthropology Now: Unexpected Contexts, Shifting Constituencies, Changing Agendas  (School of American Research Advanced Seminar Series) <br>
<br>
Marcus, Julie. 2001.  Orientalism. In: [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B1kvIc4osA_FWkw3MWNrdm05SmM?usp=sharing Handbook of Ethnography], edited by Paul Atkinson, Amanda Coffey, Sara Delamont, John Lofland and Lyn Lofland. London: Sage. (ch. 7)<br>
<br>
Maso, Ilja. 2001. Phenomenology and Ethnography. In: [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B1kvIc4osA_FWkw3MWNrdm05SmM?usp=sharing Handbook of Ethnography], edited by Paul Atkinson, Amanda Coffey, Sara Delamont, John Lofland and Lyn Lofland. London: Sage. (ch. 9).<br>
<br>
Murphy, Elizabeth and Robert Dingwall.  2001. The Ethics of Ethnography. In: [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B1kvIc4osA_FWkw3MWNrdm05SmM?usp=sharing Handbook of Ethnography], edited by Paul Atkinson, Amanda Coffey, Sara Delamont, John Lofland and Lyn Lofland. London: Sage. (ch. 23)<br>
<br>
Robben, Antonius and Jeffrey A. Sluka  (Editors).  2006. Ethnographic Fieldwork: An Anthropological Reader (Blackwell Anthologies in Social and Cultural Anthropology) (Paperback)<br>
<br>
Spencer, Jonathan. 2001. Ethnography after Postmodernism. In: [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B1kvIc4osA_FWkw3MWNrdm05SmM?usp=sharing Handbook of Ethnography], edited by Paul Atkinson, Amanda Coffey, Sara Delamont, John Lofland and Lyn Lofland. London: Sage. (ch. 30)<br>
<br>
Van Loon, Joost. 2001. Ethnography: A Critical Turn in Cultural Studies. In: [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B1kvIc4osA_FWkw3MWNrdm05SmM?usp=sharing Handbook of Ethnography], edited by Paul Atkinson, Amanda Coffey, Sara Delamont, John Lofland and Lyn Lofland. London: Sage. (ch. 19)<br>
<br>
Weynand, Diana. Apple Pro Training Series: Final Cut Pro 7 (Paperback). Peachpit Press; 1 Pap/Dvdr edition (August 21, 2009)<br>
<br>

== Reference ==

[http://www.library.ualberta.ca/permalink/opac/2404116/WUAARCHIVE Encyclopedia of Sociology]

[http://www.library.ualberta.ca/permalink/opac/2942606/WUAARCHIVE Encyclopedia of Social Theory]

[http://www.library.ualberta.ca/permalink/opac/4236036/WUAARCHIVE Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology]

[https://www.artsrn.ualberta.ca/ccewiki/index.php?title=Main_Page#Resources_for_ethnomusicological_research Resources for Ethnomusicological Research]

= Official statements =

''Course prerequisites:'' none<br />
''Course-based ethics approval, Community service learning'': NA<br />
''Past or representative evaluative course material'': NA<br />
''Additional mandatory instruction fees'': No<br />

''Policy about course outlines can be found in [http://www.registrar.ualberta.ca/calendar/Regulations-and-Information/Academic-Regulation/23.4.html#23.4 Section 23.4(2)] of the University Calendar.'' (GFC 29 SEP 2003).

''Academic Integrity''<br />
“The University of Alberta is committed to the highest standards of academic integrity and honesty. Students are expected to be familiar with these standards regarding academic honesty and to uphold the policies of the University in this respect. Students are particularly urged to familiarize themselves with the provisions of the Code of Student Behaviour (online at http://www.governance.ualberta.ca) and avoid any behavior that could potentially result in suspicions of cheating, plagiarism, misrepresentation of facts and/or participation in an offence. Academic dishonesty is a serious offence and can result in suspension or expulsion from the University.
<br /><br />
''Learning and working environment''<br />
The Faculty of Arts is committed to ensuring that all students, faculty and staff are able to work and study in an environment that is safe and free from discrimination and harassment. It does not tolerate behaviour that undermines that environment. The department urges anyone who feels that this policy is being violated to:
• Discuss the matter with the person whose behaviour is causing concern; or
• If that discussion is unsatisfactory, or there is concern that direct discussion is inappropriate or threatening, discuss it with the Chair of the Department.
For additional advice or assistance regarding this policy you may contact the student ombudservice: (http://www.ombudservice.ualberta.ca/ ). Information about the University of Alberta Discrimination and Harassment Policy and Procedures is described in UAPPOL at https://policiesonline.ualberta.ca/PoliciesProcedures/Pages/DispPol.aspx?PID=110  
<br /><br />
''Academic Honesty:''<br />
All students should consult the information provided by the [http://www.osja.ualberta.ca/Students.aspx Office of Judicial Affairs] regarding avoiding cheating and plagiarism in particular and academic dishonesty in general (see the [http://www.osja.ualberta.ca/en/Students/UndergraduateHandbook.aspx Academic Integrity Undergraduate Handbook] and [http://www.osja.ualberta.ca/Students.aspx Information for Students]). If in doubt about what is permitted in this class, ask the instructor. Students involved in language courses and translation courses should be aware that on-line “translation engines” produce very dubious and unreliable “translations.” Students in language courses should be aware that, while seeking the advice of native or expert speakers is often helpful, excessive editorial and creative help in assignments is considered a form of “cheating” that violates the code of student conduct with dire consequences. An instructor or coordinator who is convinced that a student has handed in work that he or she could not possibly reproduce without outside assistance is obliged, out of consideration of fairness to other students, to report the case to the Associate Dean of the Faculty. See the [http://www.osja.ualberta.ca/Instructors/~/media/osja/Documents/DisciplineChartAcademic.pdf Academic Discipline Process].<br /><br />
''Recording of Lectures:''<br />
Audio or video recording of lectures, labs, seminars or any other teaching environment by students is allowed only with the prior written consent of the instructor or as a part of an approved accommodation plan. Recorded material is to be used solely for personal study, and is not to be used or distributed for any other purpose without prior written consent from the instructor.
<br /><br />
''Attendance, Absences, and Missed Grade Components:''<br />
Regular attendance is essential for optimal performance in any course. In cases of potentially excusable absences due to illness or domestic affliction, notify your instructor by e-mail within two days. Regarding absences that may be excusable and procedures for addressing course components missed as a result, consult the Calendar regarding [http://calendar.ualberta.ca/content.php?catoid=20&navoid=4939#Attendance Attendance] and [http://calendar.ualberta.ca/content.php?catoid=20&navoid=4939#Examinations_(Exams) Examinations] sections of the University Calendar. Be aware that unexcused absences will result in partial or total loss of the grade for the “attendance and participation” component(s) of a course, as well as for any assignments that are not handed-in or completed as a result. In this course, 25% of your grade depends on regular attendance and energetic participation.
<br /><br />
''Policy for Late Assignments:''<br />
See section on Evaluation, above.
<br /><br />
''Student Accessibility Services:''<br />
If you have special needs that could affect your performance in this class, please let me know during the first week of the term so that appropriate arrangements can be made. If you are not already registered with [http://www.ssds.ualberta.ca/ Student Accessibility Services], contact their office immediately (1-80 SUB; Email sasrec@ualberta.ca; Email; phone 780-492-3381).

<br /><br />
''Media Archives and Departmental Broadcasting of Audio-visual Material''<br />
Audio or video recording of performances, lectures, seminars, or any other academic or research environment activities are carried out by the Department of Music for archival purposes. These archives may be collected and housed in the Music Library. Recorded material is to be used solely for non-profit, educational, research, and community outreach purposes, and is not to be used or distributed for any other purpose without obtaining the express permission from all parties involved.
Please be advised that your solo or group performance may be featured on the University of Alberta's Department of Music website and/or social media platform(s). If you object to this use of audio and/or video material in which you will be included, please advise your instructor or the Department of Music in writing prior to participating in any performance, lecture, seminar or public event held by the Department of Music.